病毒分类对比表 ADHD极简标准化版

按病毒专用逻辑标准化：Genome / Structure / Key proteins / Transmission / Clinical / Diagnosis / Treatment / Vaccine.

表1表2表3表4表5表6表7表8 肝炎总表

表1 肠道/粪口 RNA 病毒对比 Enteric & Fecal-Oral RNA Viruses

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项目	Polio 脊髓灰质炎病毒	Coxsackie 柯萨奇病毒	ECHO 埃可病毒	HAV 甲型肝炎病毒	HEV 戊型肝炎病毒
分类	Family科Picornaviridae Genus属Enterovirus Type型/群1/2/3	Family科Picornaviridae Genus属Enterovirus Type型/群—	Family科Picornaviridae Genus属Enterovirus Type型/群—	Family科Picornaviridae Genus属Hepatovirus Type型/群—	Family科Hepeviridae Genus属Hepevirus Type型/群—
结构	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~27–30nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~28–30nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~28–30nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~27–32nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~30–34nm Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—
蛋白	VP1proteinVP2proteinVP3protein	VP1proteinVP4protein	VP1proteinVP4protein	HAproteinHprotein	NAproteinHprotein
传播	fecal-oralroute	dropletroute	—	fecal-oralroutecontactroute	fecal-oralroutewaterborneroute
临床	flaccid paralysisclinicalAFPclinicalaseptic meningitisclinical	herpanginaclinicalHFMDclinicalmyocarditisclinicalpleurodyniaclinical	aseptic meningitisclinical	jaundiceclinicalfulminant hepatitisclinical	fulminant hepatitisclinical
诊断	RT-PCRtestPCRteststoolsampleCSFsamplethroat swabsample	RT-PCRtestPCRteststoolsampleCSFsamplethroat swabsample	RT-PCRtestPCRteststoolsampleCSFsamplethroat swabsample	PCRtestIgMserology	PCRtestIgMserologyIgGserologyELISAtest
免疫	type-specificimmunitylifelongimmunity	type-specificimmunityreinfectionimmunity	type-specificimmunity	lifelongimmunity	reinfectionimmunity
防治	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 IPVinactivatedOPVoral live attenuated	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 hygieneprevention Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 immunoglobulinprevention Vaccine疫苗 HAV vaccineinactivated	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 Hecolinrecombinant HEV vaccine

表2 血源/包膜病毒对比 Blood-Borne & Enveloped Viruses

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项目	HIV-1 / HIV-2 人类免疫缺陷病毒	HBV 乙型肝炎病毒	HCV 丙型肝炎病毒	HDV 丁型肝炎病毒
分类	Family科Retroviridae Genus属Lentivirus Type型/群HIV-1, HIV-2	Family科Hepadnaviridae Genus属Orthohepadnavirus Type型/群—	Family科Flaviviridae Genus属Hepacivirus Type型/群—	Family科— Genus属Deltavirus Type型/群—
结构	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~100–120nm Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小42nm Special特殊Dane particle	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~55–65nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~35nm Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊RT, provirus	Genome基因组partial dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊RT, cccDNA	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊quasispecies	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—
蛋白	gp120proteingp41proteinp24proteinRTprotein	HBsAgproteinHBeAgproteinHBcAgproteinHBxproteinHprotein	E1proteinE2proteinNS3proteinNS5AproteinNS5BproteinNAprotein	HBsAgproteinHDAgproteinHprotein
传播	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroutemosquitovectorcontactroute	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroutecontactroute	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroute	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroute
临床	AIDSclinicalopportunistic infectionsclinicallatencyclinicalKaposi sarcomaclinical	jaundiceclinicalHCCclinicalcirrhosisclinical	HCCclinicalcirrhosisclinical	fulminant hepatitisclinical
诊断	PCRtestAg/Ab combotestp24 Agmarkerviral loadmarkerCD4 countmarker	PCRtestHBsAgmarkerHBeAgmarkerHBV DNAmarkerviral loadmarker	PCRtestHCV RNAmarkerviral loadmarker	PCRtestIgMserologyIgGserology
免疫	chronicimmunity	chronicimmunityanti-HBs protectiveimmunity	weakimmunityreinfectionimmunity	—
防治	Treatment治疗 ARTtreatmentNRTItreatmentINSTItreatmentTAF/TDFtreatment Prevention预防 PEPpreventionPrEPprevention Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 TAF/TDFtreatmententecavirtreatmentPeg-IFNtreatment Prevention预防 HBIGpreventionimmunoglobulinprevention Vaccine疫苗 HBV vaccinerecombinant HBsAg	Treatment治疗 DAAtreatmentsofosbuvir combotreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone	Treatment治疗 Peg-IFNtreatmentbulevirtidetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —

表3 呼吸道/出疹病毒对比 Respiratory & Exanthem Viruses

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项目	Adenovirus 腺病毒	Influenza virus 流感病毒	Measles 麻疹病毒	Mumps 腮腺炎病毒	Rubella virus 风疹病毒	Coronaviruses 冠状病毒
分类	Family科Adenoviridae Genus属Mastadenovirus Type型/群—	Family科Orthomyxoviridae Genus属— Type型/群—	Family科Paramyxoviridae Genus属Morbillivirus Type型/群—	Family科Paramyxoviridae Genus属Orthorubulavirus Type型/群—	Family科Togaviridae, Matonaviridae Genus属Rubivirus Type型/群—	Family科Coronaviridae Genus属Betacoronavirus, Alphacoronavirus Type型/群SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV
结构	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小~70–90nm Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳helical, spherical Size大小~80–120nm Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳helical, spherical Size大小— Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳helical, spherical Size大小— Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳icosahedral, spherical Size大小~50–70nm Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳helical, spherical Size大小~80–160nm Special特殊spikes
基因	Genome基因组linear dsDNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段+ Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊RdRp
蛋白	E1proteinHexonproteinPentonproteinFiberproteinHproteinFprotein	HAproteinNAproteinM2proteinHproteinNPprotein	HproteinFproteinHNprotein	HproteinFproteinHNprotein	E1proteinE2protein	E2proteinSpikeproteinRBDproteinS1proteinS2protein
传播	fecal-oralroutedropletroutecontactroutewaterborneroute	dropletrouteaerosolroutesexualroutecontactroute	dropletroutesexualroute	dropletroutecontactroutesalivaroute	dropletrouteverticalroute	fecal-oralroutedropletrouteaerosolroutecontactroutebat reservoirreservoir
临床	hemorrhageclinicalencephalitisclinical	—	Koplik spotsclinical3Cclinicalrashclinicalencephalitisclinical	parotitisclinicalorchitisclinical	rashclinicalCRSclinicalcataractclinicalPDAclinicaldeafnessclinical	renal failureclinical
诊断	PCRtestNAATtest	PCRtestNAATtest	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyclinical clueclue	RT-PCRtestrRT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyELISAtest	PCRtestIgMserologyIgGserology	RT-PCRtestPCRtestNAATtestIgMserologyIgGserologythroat swabsamplenasopharyngeal swabsample
免疫	type-specificimmunity	antigenic driftimmunityantigenic shiftimmunity	lifelongimmunity	weakimmunity	lifelongimmunity	weakimmunityreinfectionimmunityCMIimmunity
防治	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatmentcidofovirtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 Ad4/Ad7 oral vaccinelive oral adenovirus	Treatment治疗 oseltamivirtreatmentzanamivirtreatmentbaloxavirtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 IIV/LAIVinactivated or live attenuatedIIVinactivated influenza vaccineLAIVlive attenuated influenza vaccine	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 MMRlive attenuated	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 MMRlive attenuated	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 MMRlive attenuated	Treatment治疗 remdesivirtreatmentPaxlovidtreatmentdexamethasonetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 COVID-19 vaccinemRNA/vector/inactivated/proteinmRNA vaccinemRNAadenoviral vector vaccineviral vector

表4 神经/皮肤相关病毒 Neuro-Cutaneous Viruses

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项目	Rabies virus 狂犬病病毒	HSV-1 & HSV-2 单纯疱疹病毒	Variola virus 天花病毒
分类	Family科— Genus属Lyssavirus Type型/群—	Family科Herpesviridae Genus属— Type型/群HSV-1, HSV-2	Family科Poxviridae Genus属Orthopoxvirus Type型/群Variola major, Variola minor
结构	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳helical, bullet-shaped Size大小~180nm Special特殊spikes	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~150–200nm Special特殊tegument	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳brick-shaped Size大小200×300nm Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组linear dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组linear dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊cytoplasm replication
蛋白	NPproteinNegri bodiesmarker	VP1proteinHproteingBproteingCproteingDproteingHproteingLproteinTKprotein	Guarnieri bodiesmarker
传播	aerosolroutebiteroutesalivaroutebat reservoirreservoir	verticalroutecontactroutesalivaroute	dropletroutecontactroute
临床	hydrophobiaclinicalaerophobiaclinicalencephalitisclinical	cold soresclinicalHSV encephalitisclinicalgenital herpesclinicallatencyclinicalencephalitisclinical	rashclinicalcentrifugal rashclinical
诊断	RT-PCRtestPCRtestELISAtestFAT/IFtestNegri bodiesmarkerCSFsample	PCRtestTzanck smeartestCSFsample	PCRtest
免疫	—	lifelongimmunitylatencyimmunityCMIimmunity	—
防治	Treatment治疗 HRIGtreatment Prevention预防 PrEPpreventionimmunoglobulinpreventionwound washingprevention Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 acyclovirtreatmentvalacyclovirtreatmentfoscarnettreatmentcidofovirtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 Vaccinia vaccinelive poxvirusACAM2000replicating live vacciniaJynneos/MVAnon-replicating live attenuated

表5 出血热病毒对比 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

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项目	Ebola / Marburg 丝状病毒科	黄热/登革黄病毒科	汉坦/克里米亚-刚果布尼亚病毒科	拉沙/胡宁沙粒病毒科
分类	Family科Filoviridae Genus属Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus Type型/群—	Family科Flaviviridae Genus属— Type型/群—	Family科Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae Genus属— Type型/群—	Family科Arenaviridae Genus属— Type型/群—
结构	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳filamentous Size大小80nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~50nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~80–120nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~50–300nm Special特殊sand-like
基因	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段− Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段+ Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段+ Special特殊ambisense
蛋白	GPproteinNPprotein	NS1proteinS1protein	N proteinproteinGnproteinGcprotein	GPproteinNPproteinGP1proteinGP2protein
传播	bloodroutesexualroutecontactroutebody fluidsroute	mosquitovector	aerosolroutetickvectorrodent reservoirreservoir	body fluidsrouterodent reservoirreservoir
临床	hemorrhageclinicalDICclinical	ADEclinical	hemorrhageclinicalrenal failureclinicalpulmonary edemaclinical	hemorrhageclinicaldeafnessclinical
诊断	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyIgGserologyELISAtest	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyELISAtestNS1 Agmarker	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyIgGserology	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyELISAtest
免疫	—	ADE riskimmunity	—	reinfectionimmunity
防治	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatmentmAbstreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 rVSV-EBOVlive viral vector	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 17D yellow fever vaccinelive attenuatedDengvaxialive chimeric	Treatment治疗 ribavirintreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 Hantavaxinactivated	Treatment治疗 ribavirintreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —

表6 虫媒病毒对比 Arthropod-Borne Viruses

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项目	Togaviridae 披膜病毒科	Flaviviridae 黄病毒科	Peribunyaviridae 布尼亚病毒科
分类	Family科Togaviridae Genus属Alphavirus Type型/群—	Family科Flaviviridae Genus属Flavivirus Type型/群—	Family科— Genus属— Type型/群—
结构	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~70nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~50nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小~80–120nm Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段+ Special特殊—
蛋白	—	—	—
传播	mosquitovector	mosquitovectortickvector	mosquitovector
临床	encephalitisclinical	microcephalyclinicalencephalitisclinical	encephalitisclinical
诊断	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyELISAtestPRNTtestCSFsample	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyELISAtestNS1 Agmarker	RT-PCRtestPCRtestIgMserologyIgGserology
免疫	type-specificimmunity	—	—
防治	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 vector controlpreventionmosquito controlprevention Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 vector controlpreventionmosquito controlprevention Vaccine疫苗 TBE vaccineinactivated	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 vector controlprevention Vaccine疫苗 —

表7 致癌病毒对比 Oncogenic Viruses

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项目	HPV 人乳头瘤病毒	EBV EB病毒 (HHV-4)	HBV / HCV 乙肝/丙肝	HTLV-1 人T淋巴细胞病毒	HHV-8 卡波西肉瘤疱疹病毒
分类	Family科Papillomaviridae Genus属— Type型/群HR-HPV, LR-HPV	Family科Herpesviridae Genus属— Type型/群—	Family科Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae Genus属— Type型/群—	Family科Retroviridae Genus属Deltaretrovirus Type型/群—	Family科Herpesviridae Genus属— Type型/群—
结构	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小— Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小— Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小— Special特殊Dane particle	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳spherical Size大小— Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳icosahedral Size大小— Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组circular dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组linear dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊RT	Genome基因组linear dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—
蛋白	E6proteinE7proteinL1proteinL2protein	NAproteingp350proteinVCAproteinEBNAproteinLMPprotein	HBsAgproteinHBeAgproteinHBcAgproteinE1proteinE2proteinHproteinS proteinprotein	Taxprotein	NAproteinGPproteinLANAprotein
传播	sexualroutecontactroute	salivaroute	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroute	bloodroutesexualroute	sexualroutesalivaroute
临床	cervical cancerclinical	Burkitt lymphomaclinicalnasopharyngeal carcinomaclinical	HCCclinicalcirrhosisclinical	—	Kaposi sarcomaclinical
诊断	PCRtestNAATtest	PCRtestIgMserologyIgGserologyCSFsample	PCRtestHBsAgmarker	PCRtestELISAtestviral loadmarker	PCRtest
免疫	type-specificimmunity	latencyimmunity	weakimmunityreinfectionimmunityanti-HBs protectiveimmunity	lifelongimmunity	latencyimmunity
防治	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 HPV vaccineVLP / recombinant L1	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 HBV vaccinerecombinant HBsAg	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone	Treatment治疗 ARTtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 No vaccinenone

表8 肝炎病毒五兄弟对比 Hepatitis A-E Comparison

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项目	HAV甲肝	HBV乙肝	HCV丙肝	HDV丁肝	HEV戊肝
分类	Family科Picornaviridae Genus属Hepatovirus Type型/群—	Family科Hepadnaviridae Genus属Orthohepadnavirus Type型/群—	Family科Flaviviridae Genus属Hepacivirus Type型/群—	Family科— Genus属Deltavirus Type型/群—	Family科Hepeviridae Genus属Hepevirus Type型/群—
包膜	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳— Size大小27–32nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳— Size大小42nm Special特殊Dane particle	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳— Size大小55–65nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜+ Capsid衣壳— Size大小35nm Special特殊—	Envelope包膜− Capsid衣壳— Size大小30–34nm Special特殊—
基因	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组partial dsDNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组−ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—	Genome基因组+ssRNA Segment分节段— Special特殊—
传播	fecal-oralroute	bloodroutesexualrouteverticalroute	bloodroute	—	fecal-oralroute
慢性	无 (No)	可→婴幼儿90%	常慢性 (75–85%)	可，加重HBV	通常无（免疫抑制者例外）
致癌	否	是	是	间接 (经HBV)	否
免疫	lifelongimmunity	anti-HBs protectiveimmunity	weakimmunityreinfectionimmunity	—	—
疫苗	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 HBV vaccinerecombinant HBsAg	Treatment治疗 — Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —
治疗	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 TAF/TDFtreatmententecavirtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 DAAtreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 Peg-IFNtreatmentbulevirtidetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —	Treatment治疗 supportivetreatment Prevention预防 — Vaccine疫苗 —